On August 14, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared mpox (previously known as monkeypox) a public health emergency of international concern. This announcement came amid a surge in cases across the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and neighboring countries. The UN health agency has highlighted that while droplets can spread the mpox virus, it is a minor route of transmission compared to direct physical contact. As the global health community grapples with this emerging threat, here’s a look at what we know so far about mpox, its transmission, and preventive measures.
What is Mpox?
Mpox is caused by the mpox virus, an orthopoxvirus similar to the smallpox virus, though the symptoms it produces are generally less severe. According to the WHO, mpox symptoms typically include fever, a distinctive rash, swollen lymph nodes, headache, back pain, muscle aches, and a lack of energy. The incubation period for the virus can range from 5 to 21 days, followed by a febrile stage lasting 1 to 3 days, and a skin eruption stage that can extend for 2 to 4 weeks.
Transmission and Spread of Mpox
The primary mode of mpox transmission is through close physical contact with an infected person. This includes skin-to-skin contact, such as touching or sexual contact, as well as mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-skin contact, such as kissing.
However, WHO spokeswoman Margaret Harris recently clarified that droplets, which are expelled when talking closely or breathing on someone, represent a minor source of transmission. Harris emphasized that while face-to-face interaction with someone who has the virus could potentially spread it if they have lesions, it is not considered a major mode of transmission. She stressed that mpox does not spread through the air over long distances, unlike some other viruses.
To minimize the risk of transmission, the WHO recommends that individuals with mpox, their close contacts, and healthcare workers treating them wear facemasks.
Current Outbreak and Variants
The current outbreak in the DRC is primarily caused by two distinct clades of the virus, Ia and Ib. Additionally, Clade II, which originated in Nigeria, has been responsible for the global outbreak that began in 2022. These variants have raised significant concerns due to their rapid spread and the potential for further mutation.
Vaccination and Prevention
The WHO has confirmed that vaccines are available for mpox. However, they recommend vaccination only for individuals at risk, rather than mass vaccination. This targeted approach aims to prevent the spread of the virus while avoiding unnecessary use of resources.
India’s Preparedness for Mpox
India has so far not reported any active mpox cases. Nevertheless, the Indian government has taken several proactive measures to prepare for a potential outbreak. Authorities at airports, ports, and borders with Bangladesh and Pakistan have been instructed to remain vigilant for international passengers showing symptoms of mpox.
The All India Institute for Medical Sciences (AIIMS) has issued protocols for handling suspected mpox cases, including the establishment of isolation rooms in government hospitals for suspected and confirmed cases. A screening process has been recommended in the triage areas of healthcare facilities, where patients presenting with fever, rash, or a history of contact with confirmed mpox cases are flagged for immediate assessment.
According to officials, the risk of a large outbreak with sustained transmission in India remains low due to these preemptive measures.
Verdict
While the WHO’s declaration of mpox as a public health emergency of international concern has raised global awareness, it has also underscored the need for continued research to fully understand the virus’s transmission dynamics. With droplets identified as a minor route of transmission, the focus remains on preventing close physical contact with infected individuals. The availability of vaccines offers hope for those at risk, but global preparedness and vigilance are crucial to containing the spread of this virus. As the situation evolves, adherence to WHO guidelines and swift action by health authorities worldwide will be vital in controlling the outbreak and preventing a larger health crisis.
